About-Ekonomi bilingual Kls X

Ekonomi Belingual Kelas X

1.         Human Need

            Human have various need. The need will always develop along with the increase of age and human knowledge. For example, when you were a baby, you had not needed books and motor cycles, when you are in Senior High School, you need books to help you learning and motor cycles to go to school. Human have different need. For example, the need of a farmer will be different from the need of Senior High School Student.

            Human need is not limited to concrete need (real), but also abstract need (unreal). For example, secure feeling, peaceful, and respected by other people. Thus, human need is unlimited. This is caused by several factors such as:

1.      The increasing number of population;

2.       The advancement of knowledge and technology;

3.       The advancement of social intercourse;

4.      The advancement of human culture;

Generally, human need can be categorized into five categories. The following are:

1.      Need according to intensity or level

According to intensity or level, human need can be categorized into primary need, secondary need, and tertiary need.

a.       Primary Need

Primary need is often called as main need. Primary need is the need which must be fulfilled because it is so important for human life. Generally, human primary need consists of food, clothes, and houses.

            In the advancement of civilization and competition, education is also main need for human. Education is a foothold in life for each individual. Human will encounter many difficulties in their future if they do not have enough knowledge and skill.

b.      Secondary need

Secondary need emerges and fulfilled after primary need fulfilled. Secondary need is often called as additional need for human. After food, clothes, and houses being fulfilled, human can fulfill other need because their primary need has been fulfilled. The purchase of those goods can be postponed if the primary need has not been fulfilled. Human will not be disturbed in their life if their secondary need has not been fulfilled.

c.       Tertiary Need

Tertiary need may also be defined as the need for luxury. After being able to fulfill their primary and secondary need, according to their nature human want to archive satisfaction in their life. Therefore, the other need emerges, that is tertiary need. Some goods which are included in tertiary need are luxurious cars, cruise ship, and other luxurious need. The fulfillment of tertiary need is related to the status or prestige of individuals in order to be highly regarded and respected in a society.

      The classification of goods becomes tertiary or secondary need will be different for each person. Some goods may become secondary need for a person; however, for another person they are included in tertiary need. For example, a motor cycle for the one who has high income can be included in secondary need, however for the one who has low income it can be included in tertiary need, thus, the individual income will give a big influence on the classifications  of individual need.

2.      Need according to characteristics

Based on characteristic, human need can be classified into physical and spiritual need.

a.       Physical Need

Physical need is the need which gives many benefits for a physique or a human body. For example, a person who is angry needs food for making him satiated. A person who wears clothes will feel warm. Therefore, food and clothes are included in physical need because they have influence on individual physiques.

b.      Spiritual need

Spiritual need is the need which gives many benefits for spiritual or human soul. It is related to the spiritual demand of a person so that the characteristic are invisible, such as the demand of feelings, ethics, and individual beliefs. Each person wants tranquility, comfort, and beliefs. The need for beliefs or religion causes a person feels peaceful and has a hold in his life. In order to lose thought strain because of daily works, a person can take a tour to objects of interest to tourists.

3.      Need according to Subject

Based on its object, human need can be classified into individual and collective need.

a.       Individual Need

Individual need is the need which will influence on a person individually and its fulfillment can be done individually.  For instance, the need of notebook for student.

b.      Collective Need

Collective need is the need which will give influence on a group of people and the fulfillment can be done through groups of together.  For example, the need of education.

4.      Need According to time

Based on time, human need can be classified into current and future need.

a.       Current Need

Current Need is the need which must be fulfilled at the moment when it takes a great importance. Basically, current need cannot be canceled. For example, drinking some water for a thirsty person and eating some food for a hungry person.

b.      Future Need

Future need is the need which must not be fulfilled at the moment when it takes a great importance. The future need itself is more concerned on the preparations to encounter future need. As an example, for a person who wants a retired pay in his old age. The person can save his money or join insurance starting from now.

II. Soal Essai

1.      Jelaskan apa yang anda ketahui tentang barang sebagai alat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup ? untuk menjawabnya anda diharuskan menterjemahkan naskah dibawah ini .

A.          Goods as the Device for Fulfilling Need

Human have various need. The need must be fulfilled for the persistence of human life or for achieving satisfaction. Therefore, human need device for fulfilling need. The device can be visible or invisible. Merit is an invisible device for fulfilling need, while goods are the device for fulfilling visible need. For further information, the following are the discussion about visible devices for fulfilling need.

1.            Goods according to the way to gain

According to the way to gain, goods can be classified into economic and free goods.

a.Economic Goods

Nearly all goods are economic goods. They are the goods which have a use as a device for fulfilling need which has limited number. The number of those goods is less than human need so that for obtaining them human require sacrifices. For example, to obtain food, clothes, and houses, human must pay some money and for getting the money, human must sacrifice goods, time, energy, and their thought.

b.      Free Goods

   Free Goods are the devices for fulfilling need which have unlimited number so that for the person who want to get them do not need any costs. Free goods are available in a large number and human can get them from nature directly, for example air, sunray, sand in a desert, and water in a beach.

2.            Good according to utility

         Based on utility, goods can be classified into production goods and consumption goods.

a. Production Goods

   Production goods are often called as capital goods. Production goods might be called as the goods which are used in the production process. It is called capital goods because these goods are used for producing other goods. There are production goods which run out only once in production process, for example some wheat flour to make some cake. The wheat flour will run out in one production process. Besides, there are production goods which do not run out in one production process, for example, machines and factory tools. Machines and factory tools can be used repeatedly.

b.      Consumption Goods

   Consumption goods are the goods which can be used directly for fulfilling need. Consumption goods are often called as finished goods or working goods. There are consumption goods which run out only once in the use, for example, food and drink.

   Besides, there are consumption goods which can be used repeatedly, for examples, clothes, furniture, and vehicles.

3.      Goods according to the Relation to Other Goods

If it is related to other goods, goods can be classified into substitution goods and complementary goods.

a.       Substitution Goods

Substitution goods are the goods which are used as the device for fulfilling need which their use can be substituted by other goods. For examples, if there is no rice, it can be substituted by corn and if there is a scarcity of kerosene, the kerosene can be substituted by firewood or charcoal.

b.      Complementary Goods

Complementary goods are the goods which can be used as the device for fulfilling need if they are used together with other goods. Complementary goods are often called as supplementary goods. For examples, gasoline will takes a great importance if it used together with motor vehicles and electricity will give benefits if it used together with lamps or other furniture.

4.      Goods according to Production Processes

Based on production processes, goods can be classified into raw goods, half-finished goods, and finished goods.

a.       Raw Goods

Raw goods are the goods which have not been proceed or have not experienced a production process. It is still in the form of goods which are resulted from natural processes. There are raw goods which can be consumed directly, for example, fruits such as bananas, apples, and papayas. However, there are raw goods which must be proceeded firstly in order to be able to be consumed such as cotton, and rice wood.

b.      Half-finished Goods

Half-finished goods are the goods which have experienced production processes but they have not been able to be used or consumed. For example, string is the result of production processes from cotton, in order to be able to be worn; cotton must be processed into string. Then, from string must be processed into fabric and clothes. Likewise, milled rice is the result of production processes from rice, in order to be able to be consumed; rice must be processed into milled rice.

c.       Finished Goods

Finished goods are the goods from the result of production processes and ready to be consumed or used. They are the final goods which are resulted from the production process. For example, clothes which are able to be used directly are the result of production processes from cotton, string, fabric and then clothes.

B.     The Scarcity of economic resources

The more advanced a society, to more various the kinds and the number of need. Moreover, it can be said that human need is unlimited. The unlimited need must be fulfilled. The devices for fulfilling need are in the form of goods and merit which are resulted by using provided resources. The provided resources for producing goods and merit are limited and scarce. The unlimited need is encountered to limited resources which will emerge scarcity.

            The scarcity emerges because the number of need is not balanced with the devices for fulfilling it. The scarcity or the limitation can be defined as:

1.      The number which is not balanced with need;

2.      It will need some sacrifices for getting the need. In other words, for getting particular need, a person must release other need. In economics, this is called as a chance cost.

C.    Main Economic Problem

Each economic organization will always plan the activities which will be done. In production planning, each economic organization will encounter three main problems such as.

1.      What and how many the commodities which must be produced? In other words, how many goods and merit which must be produced? What kinds of goods and merit which will be produced? When are the goods and merit made? Therefore, the problems are in the form of numbers and kinds of goods and merit which must be produced by the economics.

In order to be able to solve those problems, private producers or government must do market analyses for determining the goods and merit which are needed by a society. This is done for getting the certainty that those goods and merit are really needed.

2.      How must the commodities be produced? In other words, who do the production process, what kinds of combination of production factors, and what kinds of techniques? In order to be able to solve those problems, private producers or government must determine the production techniques which are effective and efficient. Besides, there are clear divisions of the persons who will do the production. Production input, weather the way to gain or the way to use must be planned accurately.

3.      For whom must the commodities be produced? Who will get benefits from the existence of goods and merits in country wide? Or in other words, how the national products are distributed to each person?

To answer this questions, private producers or government must do market analyses for determining the consumers who will use goods and merit. Production planning in an organization must be determined accurately, especially in determining the person who will use the production results of goods and merits.

      Although those three problems are very fundamental and common happened in all of economic motifs, various systems or economic motifs always try to solve them with different ways. For example, in a society with a plain culture, norms or cultural determination and tradition will give many colors in life and the economic behaviors of a certain society. Thus, in this kind of society, those three fundamental problems will be solved based on the habits and the norm which have prevailed hereditary.

      However, it will give different effect in a society which has had high education levels and technology. They produce goods and merit which are needed with the calculation of numbers and kinds of goods which are produced based on the plan. These are based on the numbers, qualities, and the kinds of goods and merit which have counted before. Besides, the level of provided technology also becomes the main consideration. If there are sophisticated machines for producing the goods which are needed, it will be easier to answer those three problems.

      In a society which develops under an authoritative power, the power about what, how, and for whom are really determined by the leader who has a right to take a decision. The decision making is really depended on someone’s decision or a group of people who has a power. Thus, the whole society will get kinds and numbers of goods, how the goods are produced, and for whom the goods are given will be depended on the authorities. Different situations are found in a democratic society. The decision making is taken through discussion. Thus, the decision making about what, how, and for whom is decided together with the society through discussion to reach an agreement.

      In fact, there are no economic motifs which are the form of pure economics; whether traditional economics, centered economics, or “pasar murni”. The recent the economics motifs are more influenced by mixed economics with taking a part of traditional economics, mixed economics and  market economics. For example, in recent American economics, government holds an important role in determining the roles of economics games, conducting education and public service, and observing the movements of the world of commerce. However, the most decision making is still taken through price and market process.

      Three economics problems about what will be produced, how to produce, and for whom those goods and merit are produced and distributed will never be a problem if they can fulfill the following requirements.

1.      Economic resources are provided in unlimited numbers.

2.      Every goods and merit are easy to be produced and distributed to anyone who needs them.

3.      Human need has been fulfilled.

4.      Goods and merit have successfully been produced in a remarkable number so that those goods and merit can be obtained anywhere easily.

5.      Each person has obtained goods and merits which he need. Those goods and merit have been distributed equally to each person and his families in a society for a long time.

The income which we receive, time, energy, or other economic resources are limited. Therefore, we need to make choices in exploiting those economic resources so that there is no extravagance.

D.    The choice of production Opportunities by Workers

Workers as production factors can be used alternatively in a production activity. This means that if a worker has done a certain production, then at the same moment, he will lose the opportunity for doing other productions activities.

            The loosing opportunity for doing certain production activities from the workers because the workers have done certain production activity, called as chance cost. The number of chance cost is determined by the highest value of certain opportunity or loosed opportunity. For example, Mr. boy is fishing, he will lose his time for giving a car course, car reparation, and relaxed. All opportunities if it is marked by money, the chance score is the highest value of the lost opportunity. Another concrete example, Andy is a worker, has an opportunity to be a driver with salary Rp.600.00, 00 per month, as a shopkeeper with salary Rp.700.00, 00 per month,